diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/CustomLogoutSuccessHandler.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/CustomLogoutSuccessHandler.java
index 8f6460606..f2d02bec4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/CustomLogoutSuccessHandler.java
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/CustomLogoutSuccessHandler.java
@@ -169,7 +169,9 @@ public class CustomLogoutSuccessHandler extends SimpleUrlLogoutSuccessHandler {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Handles different error scenarios during logout. Will return a <code>String</code> containing the error request parameter.
+     * Handles different error scenarios during logout. Will return a <code>String</code> containing
+     * the error request parameter.
+     *
      * @param request the user's <code>HttpServletRequest</code> request.
      * @return a <code>String</code> containing the error request parameter.
      */
diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/CustomOAuth2UserService.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/CustomOAuth2UserService.java
index 81fb2f8ae..0941ecdc4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/CustomOAuth2UserService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/CustomOAuth2UserService.java
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ public class CustomOAuth2UserService implements OAuth2UserService<OidcUserReques
 
     private final OidcUserService delegate = new OidcUserService();
 
-    private UserService userService;
+    private final UserService userService;
 
-    private LoginAttemptService loginAttemptService;
+    private final LoginAttemptService loginAttemptService;
 
-    private ApplicationProperties applicationProperties;
+    private final ApplicationProperties applicationProperties;
 
     public CustomOAuth2UserService(
             ApplicationProperties applicationProperties,
@@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ public class CustomOAuth2UserService implements OAuth2UserService<OidcUserReques
         OAUTH2 oauth2 = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
         String usernameAttribute = oauth2.getUseAsUsername();
 
-        if (usernameAttribute == null || usernameAttribute.trim().isEmpty()) {
+        if (usernameAttribute == null || usernameAttribute.isEmpty()) {
             Client client = oauth2.getClient();
+
             if (client != null && client.getKeycloak() != null) {
                 usernameAttribute = client.getKeycloak().getUseAsUsername();
             } else {
@@ -58,13 +59,14 @@ public class CustomOAuth2UserService implements OAuth2UserService<OidcUserReques
             String username = user.getUserInfo().getClaimAsString(usernameAttribute);
 
             // Check if the username claim is null or empty
-            if (username == null || username.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            if (username == null || username.isBlank()) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                         "Claim '" + usernameAttribute + "' cannot be null or empty");
             }
 
-            Optional<User> duser = userService.findByUsernameIgnoreCase(username);
-            if (duser.isPresent()) {
+            Optional<User> internalUser = userService.findByUsernameIgnoreCase(username);
+
+            if (internalUser.isPresent()) {
                 if (loginAttemptService.isBlocked(username)) {
                     throw new LockedException(
                             "Your account has been locked due to too many failed login attempts.");
diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/OAuth2Configuration.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/OAuth2Configuration.java
index ac44a88b6..1cadc75bc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/OAuth2Configuration.java
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/config/security/oauth2/OAuth2Configuration.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import stirling.software.SPDF.model.ApplicationProperties;
 import stirling.software.SPDF.model.ApplicationProperties.Security.OAUTH2;
 import stirling.software.SPDF.model.ApplicationProperties.Security.OAUTH2.Client;
 import stirling.software.SPDF.model.User;
+import stirling.software.SPDF.model.exception.NoProviderFoundException;
 import stirling.software.SPDF.model.provider.GitHubProvider;
 import stirling.software.SPDF.model.provider.GoogleProvider;
 import stirling.software.SPDF.model.provider.KeycloakProvider;
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
 
     @Bean
     @ConditionalOnProperty(value = "security.oauth2.enabled", havingValue = "true")
-    public ClientRegistrationRepository clientRegistrationRepository() {
+    public ClientRegistrationRepository clientRegistrationRepository()
+            throws NoProviderFoundException {
         List<ClientRegistration> registrations = new ArrayList<>();
         githubClientRegistration().ifPresent(registrations::add);
         oidcClientRegistration().ifPresent(registrations::add);
@@ -59,8 +61,8 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
         keycloakClientRegistration().ifPresent(registrations::add);
 
         if (registrations.isEmpty()) {
-            log.error("At least one OAuth2 provider must be configured");
-            System.exit(1);
+            log.error("No OAuth2 provider registered");
+            throw new NoProviderFoundException("At least one OAuth2 provider must be configured.");
         }
 
         return new InMemoryClientRegistrationRepository(registrations);
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
     private Optional<ClientRegistration> keycloakClientRegistration() {
         OAUTH2 oauth2 = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
 
-        if (isOauthOrClientEmpty(oauth2)) {
+        if (isOAuth2Enabled(oauth2) || isClientInitialised(oauth2)) {
             return Optional.empty();
         }
 
@@ -97,13 +99,13 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
     }
 
     private Optional<ClientRegistration> googleClientRegistration() {
-        OAUTH2 oauth2 = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
+        OAUTH2 oAuth2 = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
 
-        if (isOauthOrClientEmpty(oauth2)) {
+        if (isOAuth2Enabled(oAuth2) || isClientInitialised(oAuth2)) {
             return Optional.empty();
         }
 
-        Client client = oauth2.getClient();
+        Client client = oAuth2.getClient();
         GoogleProvider googleClient = client.getGoogle();
         Provider google =
                 new GoogleProvider(
@@ -130,13 +132,13 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
     }
 
     private Optional<ClientRegistration> githubClientRegistration() {
-        OAUTH2 oauth2 = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
+        OAUTH2 oAuth2 = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
 
-        if (isOauthOrClientEmpty(oauth2)) {
+        if (isOAuth2Enabled(oAuth2)) {
             return Optional.empty();
         }
 
-        Client client = oauth2.getClient();
+        Client client = oAuth2.getClient();
         GitHubProvider githubClient = client.getGithub();
         Provider github =
                 new GitHubProvider(
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
     private Optional<ClientRegistration> oidcClientRegistration() {
         OAUTH2 oauth = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getOauth2();
 
-        if (isOauthOrClientEmpty(oauth)) {
+        if (isOAuth2Enabled(oauth) || isClientInitialised(oauth)) {
             return Optional.empty();
         }
 
@@ -194,12 +196,12 @@ public class OAuth2Configuration {
                         .build());
     }
 
-    private boolean isOauthOrClientEmpty(OAUTH2 oauth) {
-        if (oauth == null || !oauth.getEnabled()) {
-            return false;
-        }
+    private boolean isOAuth2Enabled(OAUTH2 oAuth2) {
+        return oAuth2 == null || !oAuth2.getEnabled();
+    }
 
-        Client client = oauth.getClient();
+    private boolean isClientInitialised(OAUTH2 oauth2) {
+        Client client = oauth2.getClient();
         return client == null;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/controller/web/AccountWebController.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/controller/web/AccountWebController.java
index f59017161..4dfcf0ca6 100644
--- a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/controller/web/AccountWebController.java
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/controller/web/AccountWebController.java
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public class AccountWebController {
         providerList
                 .entrySet()
                 .removeIf(entry -> entry.getKey() == null || entry.getValue() == null);
-        model.addAttribute("providerlist", providerList);
+        model.addAttribute("providerList", providerList);
         model.addAttribute("loginMethod", securityProps.getLoginMethod());
 
         boolean altLogin = !providerList.isEmpty() ? securityProps.isAltLogin() : false;
diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/ApplicationProperties.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/ApplicationProperties.java
index 053eb3779..38f05b6e1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/ApplicationProperties.java
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/ApplicationProperties.java
@@ -245,11 +245,11 @@ public class ApplicationProperties {
             }
 
             public boolean isSettingsValid() {
-                return isStringEmpty(this.getIssuer())
-                        && isStringEmpty(this.getClientId())
-                        && isStringEmpty(this.getClientSecret())
-                        && isCollectionEmpty(this.getScopes())
-                        && isStringEmpty(this.getUseAsUsername());
+                return !isStringEmpty(this.getIssuer())
+                        && !isStringEmpty(this.getClientId())
+                        && !isStringEmpty(this.getClientSecret())
+                        && !isCollectionEmpty(this.getScopes())
+                        && !isStringEmpty(this.getUseAsUsername());
             }
 
             @Data
diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/exception/NoProviderFoundException.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/exception/NoProviderFoundException.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..162070f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/exception/NoProviderFoundException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package stirling.software.SPDF.model.exception;
+
+public class NoProviderFoundException extends Exception {
+    public NoProviderFoundException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+
+    public NoProviderFoundException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/provider/Provider.java b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/provider/Provider.java
index c4606ce25..903ec6e92 100644
--- a/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/provider/Provider.java
+++ b/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/model/provider/Provider.java
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ public class Provider {
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        return "Provider [issuer="
-                + getIssuer()
-                + ", name="
+        return "Provider [name="
                 + getName()
                 + ", clientName="
                 + getClientName()
diff --git a/src/main/resources/settings.yml.template b/src/main/resources/settings.yml.template
index 5cfea15f1..6e7681c1d 100644
--- a/src/main/resources/settings.yml.template
+++ b/src/main/resources/settings.yml.template
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ security:
       google:
         clientId: '' # client ID for Google OAuth2
         clientSecret: '' # client secret for Google OAuth2
-        scopes: https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email, https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile # scopes for Google OAuth2
+        scopes: email, profile # scopes for Google OAuth2
         useAsUsername: email # field to use as the username for Google OAuth2
       github:
         clientId: '' # client ID for GitHub OAuth2
diff --git a/src/main/resources/templates/login.html b/src/main/resources/templates/login.html
index 1d248154b..dfd44822d 100644
--- a/src/main/resources/templates/login.html
+++ b/src/main/resources/templates/login.html
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
               const runningEE = /*[[${@runningEE}]]*/ false;
               const SSOAutoLogin = /*[[${@SSOAutoLogin}]]*/ false;
               const loginMethod = /*[[${loginMethod}]]*/ 'normal';
-              const providerList = /*[[${providerlist}]]*/ {};
+              const providerList = /*[[${providerList}]]*/ {};
               const shouldAutoRedirect = !hasRedirectError &&
                   !hasLogout &&
                   !hasMessage &&
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
             </button>
           </div>
           <div class="modal-body">
-            <div class="mb-3" th:each="provider : ${providerlist}">
+            <div class="mb-3" th:each="provider : ${providerList}">
               <a th:href="@{|${provider.key}|}" th:text="${provider.value}" class="w-100 btn btn-lg btn-primary">Login Provider</a>
             </div>
           </div>