knx/examples/knxPython/pybind11/tests/test_class.cpp

/*
    tests/test_class.cpp -- test py::class_ definitions and basic functionality

    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>

    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/

#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __cplusplus >= 201703L
    // Intel compiler requires a separate header file to support aligned new operators
    // and does not set the __cpp_aligned_new feature macro.
    // This header needs to be included before pybind11.
    #include <aligned_new>
#endif

#include <pybind11/stl.h>

#include "constructor_stats.h"
#include "local_bindings.h"
#include "pybind11_tests.h"

#include <utility>

PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4324)
//     warning C4324: structure was padded due to alignment specifier

// test_brace_initialization
struct NoBraceInitialization
{
    explicit NoBraceInitialization(std::vector<int> v) : vec{std::move(v)} {}
    template <typename T> NoBraceInitialization(std::initializer_list<T> l) : vec(l) {}

    std::vector<int> vec;
};

namespace test_class
{
    namespace pr4220_tripped_over_this   // PR #4227
    {

        template <int>
        struct SoEmpty {};

        template <typename T>
        std::string get_msg(const T&)
        {
            return "This is really only meant to exercise successful compilation.";
        }

        using Empty0 = SoEmpty<0x0>;

        void bind_empty0(py::module_ &m)
        {
            py::class_<Empty0>(m, "Empty0").def(py::init<>()).def("get_msg", get_msg<Empty0>);
        }

    } // namespace pr4220_tripped_over_this
} // namespace test_class

TEST_SUBMODULE(class_, m)
{
    m.def("obj_class_name", [](py::handle obj)
    {
        return py::detail::obj_class_name(obj.ptr());
    });

    // test_instance
    struct NoConstructor
    {
        NoConstructor() = default;
        NoConstructor(const NoConstructor&) = default;
        NoConstructor(NoConstructor&&) = default;
        static NoConstructor* new_instance()
        {
            auto* ptr = new NoConstructor();
            print_created(ptr, "via new_instance");
            return ptr;
        }
        ~NoConstructor()
        {
            print_destroyed(this);
        }
    };
    struct NoConstructorNew
    {
        NoConstructorNew() = default;
        NoConstructorNew(const NoConstructorNew&) = default;
        NoConstructorNew(NoConstructorNew&&) = default;
        static NoConstructorNew* new_instance()
        {
            auto* ptr = new NoConstructorNew();
            print_created(ptr, "via new_instance");
            return ptr;
        }
        ~NoConstructorNew()
        {
            print_destroyed(this);
        }
    };

    py::class_<NoConstructor>(m, "NoConstructor")
    .def_static("new_instance", &NoConstructor::new_instance, "Return an instance");

    py::class_<NoConstructorNew>(m, "NoConstructorNew")
    .def(py::init([]()
    {
        return nullptr;
    })) // Need a NOOP __init__
    .def_static("__new__",
                [](const py::object&)
    {
        return NoConstructorNew::new_instance();
    });

    // test_inheritance
    class Pet
    {
        public:
            Pet(const std::string& name, const std::string& species)
                : m_name(name), m_species(species) {}
            std::string name() const
            {
                return m_name;
            }
            std::string species() const
            {
                return m_species;
            }

        private:
            std::string m_name;
            std::string m_species;
    };

    class Dog : public Pet
    {
        public:
            explicit Dog(const std::string& name) : Pet(name, "dog") {}
            std::string bark() const
            {
                return "Woof!";
            }
    };

    class Rabbit : public Pet
    {
        public:
            explicit Rabbit(const std::string& name) : Pet(name, "parrot") {}
    };

    class Hamster : public Pet
    {
        public:
            explicit Hamster(const std::string& name) : Pet(name, "rodent") {}
    };

    class Chimera : public Pet
    {
            Chimera() : Pet("Kimmy", "chimera") {}
    };

    py::class_<Pet> pet_class(m, "Pet");
    pet_class.def(py::init<std::string, std::string>())
    .def("name", &Pet::name)
    .def("species", &Pet::species);

    /* One way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's class_ object */
    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet_class).def(py::init<std::string>());

    /* Another way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's C++ type */
    py::class_<Rabbit, Pet>(m, "Rabbit").def(py::init<std::string>());

    /* And another: list parent in class template arguments */
    py::class_<Hamster, Pet>(m, "Hamster").def(py::init<std::string>());

    /* Constructors are not inherited by default */
    py::class_<Chimera, Pet>(m, "Chimera");

    m.def("pet_name_species",
          [](const Pet & pet)
    {
        return pet.name() + " is a " + pet.species();
    });
    m.def("dog_bark", [](const Dog & dog)
    {
        return dog.bark();
    });

    // test_automatic_upcasting
    struct BaseClass
    {
        BaseClass() = default;
        BaseClass(const BaseClass&) = default;
        BaseClass(BaseClass&&) = default;
        virtual ~BaseClass() = default;
    };
    struct DerivedClass1 : BaseClass {};
    struct DerivedClass2 : BaseClass {};

    py::class_<BaseClass>(m, "BaseClass").def(py::init<>());
    py::class_<DerivedClass1>(m, "DerivedClass1").def(py::init<>());
    py::class_<DerivedClass2>(m, "DerivedClass2").def(py::init<>());

    m.def("return_class_1", []() -> BaseClass * { return new DerivedClass1(); });
    m.def("return_class_2", []() -> BaseClass * { return new DerivedClass2(); });
    m.def("return_class_n", [](int n) -> BaseClass *
    {
        if (n == 1)
        {
            return new DerivedClass1();
        }
        if (n == 2)
        {
            return new DerivedClass2();
        }
        return new BaseClass();
    });
    m.def("return_none", []() -> BaseClass * { return nullptr; });

    // test_isinstance
    m.def("check_instances", [](const py::list & l)
    {
        return py::make_tuple(py::isinstance<py::tuple>(l[0]),
                              py::isinstance<py::dict>(l[1]),
                              py::isinstance<Pet>(l[2]),
                              py::isinstance<Pet>(l[3]),
                              py::isinstance<Dog>(l[4]),
                              py::isinstance<Rabbit>(l[5]),
                              py::isinstance<UnregisteredType>(l[6]));
    });

    struct Invalid {};

    // test_type
    m.def("check_type", [](int category)
    {
        // Currently not supported (via a fail at compile time)
        // See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2486
        // if (category == 2)
        //     return py::type::of<int>();
        if (category == 1)
        {
            return py::type::of<DerivedClass1>();
        }

        return py::type::of<Invalid>();
    });

    m.def("get_type_of", [](py::object ob)
    {
        return py::type::of(std::move(ob));
    });

    m.def("get_type_classic", [](py::handle h)
    {
        return h.get_type();
    });

    m.def("as_type", [](const py::object & ob)
    {
        return py::type(ob);
    });

    // test_mismatched_holder
    struct MismatchBase1 {};
    struct MismatchDerived1 : MismatchBase1 {};

    struct MismatchBase2 {};
    struct MismatchDerived2 : MismatchBase2 {};

    m.def("mismatched_holder_1", []()
    {
        auto mod = py::module_::import("__main__");
        py::class_<MismatchBase1, std::shared_ptr<MismatchBase1>>(mod, "MismatchBase1");
        py::class_<MismatchDerived1, MismatchBase1>(mod, "MismatchDerived1");
    });
    m.def("mismatched_holder_2", []()
    {
        auto mod = py::module_::import("__main__");
        py::class_<MismatchBase2>(mod, "MismatchBase2");
        py::class_<MismatchDerived2, std::shared_ptr<MismatchDerived2>, MismatchBase2>(
            mod, "MismatchDerived2");
    });

    // test_override_static
    // #511: problem with inheritance + overwritten def_static
    struct MyBase
    {
        static std::unique_ptr<MyBase> make()
        {
            return std::unique_ptr<MyBase>(new MyBase());
        }
    };

    struct MyDerived : MyBase
    {
        static std::unique_ptr<MyDerived> make()
        {
            return std::unique_ptr<MyDerived>(new MyDerived());
        }
    };

    py::class_<MyBase>(m, "MyBase").def_static("make", &MyBase::make);

    py::class_<MyDerived, MyBase>(m, "MyDerived")
    .def_static("make", &MyDerived::make)
    .def_static("make2", &MyDerived::make);

    // test_implicit_conversion_life_support
    struct ConvertibleFromUserType
    {
        int i;

        explicit ConvertibleFromUserType(UserType u) : i(u.value()) {}
    };

    py::class_<ConvertibleFromUserType>(m, "AcceptsUserType").def(py::init<UserType>());
    py::implicitly_convertible<UserType, ConvertibleFromUserType>();

    m.def("implicitly_convert_argument", [](const ConvertibleFromUserType & r)
    {
        return r.i;
    });
    m.def("implicitly_convert_variable", [](const py::object & o)
    {
        // `o` is `UserType` and `r` is a reference to a temporary created by implicit
        // conversion. This is valid when called inside a bound function because the temp
        // object is attached to the same life support system as the arguments.
        const auto& r = o.cast<const ConvertibleFromUserType&>();
        return r.i;
    });
    m.add_object("implicitly_convert_variable_fail", [&]
    {
        auto f = [](PyObject*, PyObject * args) -> PyObject * {
            auto o = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::tuple>(args)[0];

            try   // It should fail here because there is no life support.
            {
                o.cast<const ConvertibleFromUserType&>();
            }
            catch (const py::cast_error& e)
            {
                return py::str(e.what())
                .release().ptr();
            }
            return py::str().release().ptr();
        };

        auto* def = new PyMethodDef{"f", f, METH_VARARGS, nullptr};
        py::capsule def_capsule(def,
                                [](void* ptr)
        {
            delete reinterpret_cast<PyMethodDef*>(ptr);
        });
        return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(
                   PyCFunction_NewEx(def, def_capsule.ptr(), m.ptr()));
    }());

    // test_operator_new_delete
    struct HasOpNewDel
    {
        std::uint64_t i;
        static void* operator new (size_t s)
        {
            py::print("A new", s);
            return ::operator new (s);
        }
        static void* operator new (size_t s, void* ptr)
        {
            py::print("A placement-new", s);
            return ptr;
        }
        static void operator delete (void* p)
        {
            py::print("A delete");
            return ::operator delete (p);
        }
    };
    struct HasOpNewDelSize
    {
        std::uint32_t i;
        static void* operator new (size_t s)
        {
            py::print("B new", s);
            return ::operator new (s);
        }
        static void* operator new (size_t s, void* ptr)
        {
            py::print("B placement-new", s);
            return ptr;
        }
        static void operator delete (void* p, size_t s)
        {
            py::print("B delete", s);
            return ::operator delete (p);
        }
    };
    struct AliasedHasOpNewDelSize
    {
        std::uint64_t i;
        static void* operator new (size_t s)
        {
            py::print("C new", s);
            return ::operator new (s);
        }
        static void* operator new (size_t s, void* ptr)
        {
            py::print("C placement-new", s);
            return ptr;
        }
        static void operator delete (void* p, size_t s)
        {
            py::print("C delete", s);
            return ::operator delete (p);
        }
        virtual ~AliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
        AliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
        AliasedHasOpNewDelSize(const AliasedHasOpNewDelSize&) = delete;
    };
    struct PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize : AliasedHasOpNewDelSize
    {
        PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize() = default;
        explicit PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize(int) {}
        std::uint64_t j;
    };
    struct HasOpNewDelBoth
    {
        std::uint32_t i[8];
        static void* operator new (size_t s)
        {
            py::print("D new", s);
            return ::operator new (s);
        }
        static void* operator new (size_t s, void* ptr)
        {
            py::print("D placement-new", s);
            return ptr;
        }
        static void operator delete (void* p)
        {
            py::print("D delete");
            return ::operator delete (p);
        }
        static void operator delete (void* p, size_t s)
        {
            py::print("D wrong delete", s);
            return ::operator delete (p);
        }
    };
    py::class_<HasOpNewDel>(m, "HasOpNewDel").def(py::init<>());
    py::class_<HasOpNewDelSize>(m, "HasOpNewDelSize").def(py::init<>());
    py::class_<HasOpNewDelBoth>(m, "HasOpNewDelBoth").def(py::init<>());
    py::class_<AliasedHasOpNewDelSize, PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize> aliased(m,
            "AliasedHasOpNewDelSize");
    aliased.def(py::init<>());
    aliased.attr("size_noalias") = py::int_(sizeof(AliasedHasOpNewDelSize));
    aliased.attr("size_alias") = py::int_(sizeof(PyAliasedHasOpNewDelSize));

    // This test is actually part of test_local_bindings (test_duplicate_local), but we need a
    // definition in a different compilation unit within the same module:
    bind_local<LocalExternal, 17>(m, "LocalExternal", py::module_local());

    // test_bind_protected_functions
    class ProtectedA
    {
        protected:
            int foo() const
            {
                return value;
            }

        private:
            int value = 42;
    };

    class PublicistA : public ProtectedA
    {
        public:
            using ProtectedA::foo;
    };

    py::class_<ProtectedA>(m, "ProtectedA").def(py::init<>()).def("foo", &PublicistA::foo);

    class ProtectedB
    {
        public:
            virtual ~ProtectedB() = default;
            ProtectedB() = default;
            ProtectedB(const ProtectedB&) = delete;

        protected:
            virtual int foo() const
            {
                return value;
            }
            virtual void* void_foo()
            {
                return static_cast<void*>(&value);
            }
            virtual void* get_self()
            {
                return static_cast<void*>(this);
            }

        private:
            int value = 42;
    };

    class TrampolineB : public ProtectedB
    {
        public:
            int foo() const override
            {
                PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(int, ProtectedB, foo, );
            }
            void* void_foo() override
            {
                PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(void*, ProtectedB, void_foo, );
            }
            void* get_self() override
            {
                PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(void*, ProtectedB, get_self, );
            }
    };

    class PublicistB : public ProtectedB
    {
        public:
            // [workaround(intel)] = default does not work here
            // Removing or defaulting this destructor results in linking errors with the Intel compiler
            // (in Debug builds only, tested with icpc (ICC) 2021.1 Beta 20200827)
            ~PublicistB() override {}; // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
            using ProtectedB::foo;
            using ProtectedB::get_self;
            using ProtectedB::void_foo;
    };

    m.def("read_foo", [](const void* original)
    {
        const int* ptr = reinterpret_cast<const int*>(original);
        return *ptr;
    });

    m.def("pointers_equal",
          [](const void* original, const void* comparison)
    {
        return original == comparison;
    });

    py::class_<ProtectedB, TrampolineB>(m, "ProtectedB")
    .def(py::init<>())
    .def("foo", &PublicistB::foo)
    .def("void_foo", &PublicistB::void_foo)
    .def("get_self", &PublicistB::get_self);

    // test_brace_initialization
    struct BraceInitialization
    {
        int field1;
        std::string field2;
    };

    py::class_<BraceInitialization>(m, "BraceInitialization")
    .def(py::init<int, const std::string&>())
    .def_readwrite("field1", &BraceInitialization::field1)
    .def_readwrite("field2", &BraceInitialization::field2);
    // We *don't* want to construct using braces when the given constructor argument maps to a
    // constructor, because brace initialization could go to the wrong place (in particular when
    // there is also an `initializer_list<T>`-accept constructor):
    py::class_<NoBraceInitialization>(m, "NoBraceInitialization")
    .def(py::init<std::vector<int>>())
    .def_readonly("vec", &NoBraceInitialization::vec);

    // test_reentrant_implicit_conversion_failure
    // #1035: issue with runaway reentrant implicit conversion
    struct BogusImplicitConversion
    {
        BogusImplicitConversion(const BogusImplicitConversion&) = default;
    };

    py::class_<BogusImplicitConversion>(m, "BogusImplicitConversion")
    .def(py::init<const BogusImplicitConversion&>());

    py::implicitly_convertible<int, BogusImplicitConversion>();

    // test_qualname
    // #1166: nested class docstring doesn't show nested name
    // Also related: tests that __qualname__ is set properly
    struct NestBase {};
    struct Nested {};
    py::class_<NestBase> base(m, "NestBase");
    base.def(py::init<>());
    py::class_<Nested>(base, "Nested")
    .def(py::init<>())
    .def("fn", [](Nested&, int, NestBase&, Nested&) {})
    .def("fa", [](Nested&, int, NestBase&, Nested&) {}, "a"_a, "b"_a, "c"_a);
    base.def("g", [](NestBase&, Nested&) {});
    base.def("h", []()
    {
        return NestBase();
    });

    // test_error_after_conversion
    // The second-pass path through dispatcher() previously didn't
    // remember which overload was used, and would crash trying to
    // generate a useful error message

    struct NotRegistered {};
    struct StringWrapper
    {
        std::string str;
    };
    m.def("test_error_after_conversions", [](int) {});
    m.def("test_error_after_conversions",
          [](const StringWrapper&) -> NotRegistered { return {}; });
    py::class_<StringWrapper>(m, "StringWrapper").def(py::init<std::string>());
    py::implicitly_convertible<std::string, StringWrapper>();

#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
    struct alignas(1024) Aligned
    {
        std::uintptr_t ptr() const
    {
        return (uintptr_t) this;
    }
    };
    py::class_<Aligned>(m, "Aligned").def(py::init<>()).def("ptr", &Aligned::ptr);
#endif

    // test_final
    struct IsFinal final {};
    py::class_<IsFinal>(m, "IsFinal", py::is_final());

    // test_non_final_final
    struct IsNonFinalFinal {};
    py::class_<IsNonFinalFinal>(m, "IsNonFinalFinal", py::is_final());

    // test_exception_rvalue_abort
    struct PyPrintDestructor
    {
        PyPrintDestructor() = default;
        ~PyPrintDestructor()
        {
            py::print("Print from destructor");
        }
        void throw_something()
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("error");
        }
    };
    py::class_<PyPrintDestructor>(m, "PyPrintDestructor")
    .def(py::init<>())
    .def("throw_something", &PyPrintDestructor::throw_something);

    // test_multiple_instances_with_same_pointer
    struct SamePointer {};
    static SamePointer samePointer;
    py::class_<SamePointer, std::unique_ptr<SamePointer, py::nodelete>>(m, "SamePointer")
            .def(py::init([]()
    {
        return &samePointer;
    }));

    struct Empty {};
    py::class_<Empty>(m, "Empty").def(py::init<>());

    // test_base_and_derived_nested_scope
    struct BaseWithNested
    {
        struct Nested {};
    };

    struct DerivedWithNested : BaseWithNested
    {
        struct Nested {};
    };

    py::class_<BaseWithNested> baseWithNested_class(m, "BaseWithNested");
    py::class_<DerivedWithNested, BaseWithNested> derivedWithNested_class(m, "DerivedWithNested");
    py::class_<BaseWithNested::Nested>(baseWithNested_class, "Nested")
    .def_static("get_name", []()
    {
        return "BaseWithNested::Nested";
    });
    py::class_<DerivedWithNested::Nested>(derivedWithNested_class, "Nested")
    .def_static("get_name", []()
    {
        return "DerivedWithNested::Nested";
    });

    // test_register_duplicate_class
    struct Duplicate {};
    struct OtherDuplicate {};
    struct DuplicateNested {};
    struct OtherDuplicateNested {};

    m.def("register_duplicate_class_name", [](const py::module_ & m)
    {
        py::class_<Duplicate>(m, "Duplicate");
        py::class_<OtherDuplicate>(m, "Duplicate");
    });
    m.def("register_duplicate_class_type", [](const py::module_ & m)
    {
        py::class_<OtherDuplicate>(m, "OtherDuplicate");
        py::class_<OtherDuplicate>(m, "YetAnotherDuplicate");
    });
    m.def("register_duplicate_nested_class_name", [](const py::object & gt)
    {
        py::class_<DuplicateNested>(gt, "DuplicateNested");
        py::class_<OtherDuplicateNested>(gt, "DuplicateNested");
    });
    m.def("register_duplicate_nested_class_type", [](const py::object & gt)
    {
        py::class_<OtherDuplicateNested>(gt, "OtherDuplicateNested");
        py::class_<OtherDuplicateNested>(gt, "YetAnotherDuplicateNested");
    });

    test_class::pr4220_tripped_over_this::bind_empty0(m);
}

template <int N>
class BreaksBase
{
    public:
        virtual ~BreaksBase() = default;
        BreaksBase() = default;
        BreaksBase(const BreaksBase&) = delete;
};
template <int N>
class BreaksTramp : public BreaksBase<N> {};
// These should all compile just fine:
using DoesntBreak1 = py::class_<BreaksBase<1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<1>>, BreaksTramp<1>>;
using DoesntBreak2 = py::class_<BreaksBase<2>, BreaksTramp<2>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<2>>>;
using DoesntBreak3 = py::class_<BreaksBase<3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<3>>>;
using DoesntBreak4 = py::class_<BreaksBase<4>, BreaksTramp<4>>;
using DoesntBreak5 = py::class_<BreaksBase<5>>;
using DoesntBreak6 = py::class_<BreaksBase<6>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<6>>, BreaksTramp<6>>;
using DoesntBreak7 = py::class_<BreaksBase<7>, BreaksTramp<7>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<7>>>;
using DoesntBreak8 = py::class_<BreaksBase<8>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<8>>>;
#define CHECK_BASE(N)                                                                             \
    static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type, BreaksBase<(N)>>::value,            \
                  "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type!")
CHECK_BASE(1);
CHECK_BASE(2);
CHECK_BASE(3);
CHECK_BASE(4);
CHECK_BASE(5);
CHECK_BASE(6);
CHECK_BASE(7);
CHECK_BASE(8);
#define CHECK_ALIAS(N)                                                                            \
    static_assert(                                                                                \
            DoesntBreak##N::has_alias                                                                 \
            && std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias, BreaksTramp<(N)>>::value,        \
            "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type_alias!")
#define CHECK_NOALIAS(N)                                                                          \
    static_assert(!DoesntBreak##N::has_alias                                                      \
                  && std::is_void<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias>::value,                \
                  "DoesntBreak" #N " has type alias, but shouldn't!")
CHECK_ALIAS(1);
CHECK_ALIAS(2);
CHECK_NOALIAS(3);
CHECK_ALIAS(4);
CHECK_NOALIAS(5);
CHECK_ALIAS(6);
CHECK_ALIAS(7);
CHECK_NOALIAS(8);
#define CHECK_HOLDER(N, TYPE)                                                                     \
    static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::holder_type,                              \
                  std::TYPE##_ptr<BreaksBase<(N)>>>::value,                          \
                  "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong holder_type!")
CHECK_HOLDER(1, unique);
CHECK_HOLDER(2, unique);
CHECK_HOLDER(3, unique);
CHECK_HOLDER(4, unique);
CHECK_HOLDER(5, unique);
CHECK_HOLDER(6, shared);
CHECK_HOLDER(7, shared);
CHECK_HOLDER(8, shared);

// There's no nice way to test that these fail because they fail to compile; leave them here,
// though, so that they can be manually tested by uncommenting them (and seeing that compilation
// failures occurs).

// We have to actually look into the type: the typedef alone isn't enough to instantiate the type:
#define CHECK_BROKEN(N)                                                                           \
    static_assert(std::is_same<typename Breaks##N::type, BreaksBase<-(N)>>::value,                \
                  "Breaks1 has wrong type!");

#ifdef PYBIND11_NEVER_DEFINED_EVER
// Two holder classes:
typedef py::
class_ < BreaksBase < -1 >, std::unique_ptr < BreaksBase < -1 >>, std::unique_ptr < BreaksBase < -1 >>>
        Breaks1;
CHECK_BROKEN(1);
// Two aliases:
typedef py::class_ < BreaksBase < -2 >, BreaksTramp < -2 >, BreaksTramp < -2 >> Breaks2;
CHECK_BROKEN(2);
// Holder + 2 aliases
typedef py::
class_ < BreaksBase < -3 >, std::unique_ptr < BreaksBase < -3 >>, BreaksTramp < -3 >, BreaksTramp < -3 >>
        Breaks3;
CHECK_BROKEN(3);
// Alias + 2 holders
typedef py::class_ < BreaksBase < -4 >,
        std::unique_ptr < BreaksBase < -4 >>,
        BreaksTramp < -4 >,
        std::shared_ptr < BreaksBase < -4 >>>
        Breaks4;
CHECK_BROKEN(4);
// Invalid option (not a subclass or holder)
typedef py::class_ < BreaksBase < -5 >, BreaksTramp < -4 >> Breaks5;
CHECK_BROKEN(5);
// Invalid option: multiple inheritance not supported:
template <>
struct BreaksBase < -8 > : BreaksBase < -6 >, BreaksBase < -7 > {};
typedef py::class_ < BreaksBase < -8 >, BreaksBase < -6 >, BreaksBase < -7 >> Breaks8;
CHECK_BROKEN(8);
#endif